How to Cite a Footnote Again

What Are Footnotes? | Guide with Give-and-take Instructions

Published on March 28, 2022 past Jack Caulfield.

Footnotes are notes placed at the lesser of the page in a slice of academic writing and indicated in the text with superscript numbers (or sometimes letters or other symbols). You can insert footnotes automatically in Word or Google Docs. They're used to provide:

• Citations in certain styles
• Additional information that would disrupt the menstruation of the main text

Notation: Footnotes are a lot similar endnotes, which are used in similar ways. The difference is that endnotes appear all together at the end of the text, instead of separately on each page. This gives your text a less cluttered appearance, simply information technology tin besides be inconvenient for readers.

How to insert footnotes in Word and Google Docs

If you lot're writing in Microsoft Word or in Google Docs, information technology's like shooting fish in a barrel to insert footnotes automatically using the congenital-in functionality of the software.

Virtually style guidelines are flexible enough that these automatically inserted footnotes meet their requirements, so that you don't have to worry well-nigh the specifics of formatting.

Inserting footnotes in Word

Information technology's straightforward to insert footnotes in Word. Only follow these steps:

1. Click on the point in the text where you desire the footnote number to appear.
2. Select the "References" tab at the peak, and then select "Insert Footnote."
3. Type whatever text you want into the footnote that appears.

Inserting footnotes in Google Docs

Yous can besides easily add footnotes in Google Docs. Follow the steps below:

1. Click on the point in the text where you lot want to add together a footnote.
2. At the elevation, click on "Insert" and and so on "Footnote" in the drop-down menu.
3. Type the text you want into the footnote.

Numbering and placement of footnotes

Footnotes should exist numbered consecutively in the order they appear throughout your paper. Each notation should have a unique number; don't use the aforementioned number once again even if you cite the same source repeatedly.

Footnote numbers are usually placed at the terminate of the relevant clause or sentence. The number appears afterwards any punctuation, except when the clause ends with an em dash, in which case the number appears before it. Don't add a space before the number.

Example: Placement of footnote numbers

McGill argues that this method is flawed.¹ Nevertheless, other studies—such as that of Smith and Coulson²—come up to the opposite conclusion.

Footnotes in Chicago style

Chicago style uses footnotes for citations (unless you're following Chicago author-engagement). Footnotes can too exist used to add extra information such as commentary on the source cited, or elaborations on a point y'all touched on in the main text.

In Chicago footnotes, you place a footnote at the stop of the clause or sentence that needs a citation. The footnote contains full information almost each source the first time you cite it, and shortened information for subsequent citations of the aforementioned source.

Example: Chicago footnotes

       1. Tegan George and Jack Caulfield, "Academic Integrity vs. Academic Dishonesty," March x, 2022, https://world wide web.scribbr.com/plagiarism/academic-dishonesty/.

 2. George and Caulfield, "Academic Integrity."

Full data near all your sources is ordinarily included in a bibliography at the end, except in very short papers, where footnote citations may be used solitary if your institution allows it.

Chicago recommends using your discussion processor'south born footnote function to add footnotes, but a couple of formatting details may demand to be inverse manually:

• Add together an indent at the start of each footnote (before the number).
• Write the number at the starting time of the notation in normal text (not superscript), followed by a period and then a space.
• Go out ane bare line between footnotes, and make sure footnotes are single-spaced.

Footnotes in APA Style

APA footnotes are used only for providing actress data, since APA in-text citations appear in parentheses instead.

You tin use them to provide supplemental data such every bit boosted examples or clarifications; practice this sparingly, as APA warns against including nonessential information. Footnotes are besides used to provide copyright attribution when information technology's needed.

Example: APA footnotes

               ¹ From What Parents Can Expect in Beliefs Therapy, by Centers for Affliction Command and Prevention, 2017 (https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/infographics/what-parents-expect.html). In the public domain.

              ² A second round of testing was initially planned, only this idea was abandoned due to …

APA recommends using your word processing software to automatically insert footnotes, but add an indent at the start of each footnote if this isn't washed automatically. The footnote begins with the superscript footnote number followed by a space.

Footnotes in MLA manner

MLA footnotes are used to provide supplemental information such as actress examples, clarifications of citation practice, or elaborations on ideas.

MLA in-text citations announced in parentheses, not in notes, but where a lot of citations are needed at once, they can be placed in a footnote to avoid cluttering the text.

Example: MLA footnotes

           ¹ Citations of marginalia refer to George'due south edition and include folio numbers. Citations of the poem refer to Davis's edition and include line numbers.

        ⁱⁱ This remains a controversial point. Researchers in the field have debated this issue since …

            ³ Encounter Crittenden v–11; Kent 17–34; Smith 44–50; and Jones 36.

MLA recommends using your discussion processor to automatically insert footnotes, styling the number at the start of the citation in superscript, followed by a space. An indent should also be added at the start of the footnote (before the number).

What's the difference between footnotes and endnotes?

Footnotes appear at the lesser of the page they refer to. This is convenient for the reader but may crusade your text to look cluttered if in that location are a lot of footnotes.

Endnotes announced all together at the stop of the whole text. This may exist less user-friendly for the reader just reduces ataxia.

Both footnotes and endnotes are used in the same way: to cite sources or add actress data. You should usually cull one or the other to use in your text, non both.

What are footnotes used for?

Footnotes are notes indicated in your text with numbers and placed at the bottom of the page. They're used to provide:

• Citations (e.g., in Chicago notes and bibliography)
• Boosted information that would disrupt the flow of the master text

Be sparing in your use of footnotes (other than citation footnotes), and consider whether the information you're adding is relevant for the reader.

How practice I insert a footnote in Word?

To insert a footnote automatically in a Give-and-take document:

1. Click on the point in the text where the footnote should appear
2. Select the "References" tab at the top and then click on "Insert Footnote"
3. Type the text you want into the footnote that appears at the lesser of the page

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